testify that

1) to give evidence, especially in a law court:

2) to show or give evidence of; to state that (something) is so:

témoigner [temwaɲe]

➭ TABLE 1

1. intransitive verb

(au tribunal) to testify

• témoigner en faveur de qn to testify in sb's favour

• témoigner contre qn to testify against sb

2. transitive verb

• témoigner que ( = démontrer que) to show that ; ( = attester que) to testify that

3. indirect transitive verb

• témoigner de ( = confirmer) to testify to ; ( = manifester) to show

• je peux en témoigner I can testify to that

• tout cela témoigne de son intelligence it all shows how intelligent he is

* * *

1) Droit to testify

2) ( montrer)

témoigner de verbe transitif indirect

1) ( prouver)

2) ( se porter garant de)

verbe intransitif

1) Droit to give evidence

2) ( dire)

* * *

1. vt

1) [intérêt, gratitude] to show

2) (= assurer, certifier)

3) (sujet chose)

2. vi

1) DROIT to testify, to give evidence

2)

* * *

témoigner verb table: aimer

A vtr

1 Jur to testify (que that); elle a témoigné l'avoir vu entrer/qu'elle l'avait vu entrer she testified to having seen him go in/that she had seen him go in;

2 ( montrer) témoigner de la reconnaissance/de l'affection to show gratitude/affection; témoigner de l'hostilité/de l'intérêt envers to show hostility towards GB ou to/interest in; la confiance qu'elle m'a témoignée the trust she placed in me; les marques de sympathie qui leur ont été témoignées lors de… the sympathy they received when…; cela témoigne que it shows that.

B témoigner de vtr ind

1 ( prouver) témoigner de to show; cela témoigne de leur courage this shows their courage; comme en témoigne leur lettre as their letter shows;

2 ( se porter garant de) témoigner du courage de qn to vouch for sb's courage.

C vi

1 Jur to give evidence, to testify; témoigner en faveur de qn/contre qn to give evidence in sb's favour/against sb, to testify for sb/against sb; être appelé à témoigner to be called to give evidence ou as a witness;

2 ( dire) ‘il était toujours poli,’ témoignent les voisins neighbours^GB say he was always polite.

[temwaɲe] verbe intransitif

témoigner contre ses complices to turn King's ou Queen's evidence (UK), to turn State's evidence (US)

————————

[temwaɲe] verbe transitif

1. DROIT [certifier]

2. [montrer - sympathie] to show ; [ - dégoût, goût] to show ; [ - intérêt] to show, to evince (soutenu)

il ne m'a témoigné que du mépris en retour he showed me nothing but contempt in return

————————

témoigner de verbe plus préposition

1. DROIT to testify to

2. [indiquer - bonté, générosité, intérêt] to show, to indicate

[prouver] to show, to bear witness ou to testify to, to attest (soutenu)

v/t

1. JUR. und fig. testify (to); (bestätigen) vouch for; (bescheinigen) certify; vor Gericht bezeugen testify before the court; der Angeklagte bezeugte unter Eid, dass... the defendant deposed that...

2. (historisch nachgewiesen): die Siedlung ist für das ausgehende 11. Jahrhundert ( sicher) bezeugt there is (firm) evidence for ( oder of) the settlement’s existence in the late 11th century, the settlement is known to have existed in the late 11th century; das Wort ist für das 19. Jahrhundert bezeugt the word is recorded ( oder attested) in the 19th century

3. bezeigen

* * *

to bear witness to; to bear witness of; to testify; to attest; to witness

* * *

1) (Sache) to attest; (Person auch) to testify to

2) (geh)

* * *

1) (to declare formally (eg that something is true): I certify that I witnessed the signing of his will.) certify

2) (to show or give evidence of; to state that (something) is so: I will testify to her kindness.) testify

3) (to give evidence: She will bear witness to his honesty.) bear witness

* * *

1. JUR

▪ etw \bezeugen (als Zeuge bestätigen) to testify to sth; (bestätigen) to attest sth

▪ \bezeugen, dass... to testify [or show] [or prove] that...

2. (geh: nachweisen)

▪ jdm etw \bezeugen to prove sth to sb

* * *

transitives Verb testify to

* * *

bezeugen v/t

1. JUR etc fig testify (to); (bestätigen) vouch for; (bescheinigen) certify;

vor Gericht bezeugen testify before the court;

der Angeklagte bezeugte unter Eid, dass … the defendant deposed that …

2. (historisch nachgewiesen):

die Siedlung ist für das ausgehende 11. Jahrhundert (sicher) bezeugt there is (firm) evidence for ( oder of) the settlement’s existence in the late 11th century, the settlement is known to have existed in the late 11th century;

das Wort ist für das 19. Jahrhundert bezeugt the word is recorded ( oder attested) in the 19th century

3. → bezeigen

* * *

transitives Verb testify to

* * *

testified adj. v.

to testify v.

to witness v.

1 to testify to.

2 to bear witness, to testify, to witness, to attest.

3 to bear witness to, to attest, to attest to, to testify.

* * *

Conjugation model [ AVERIGUAR], like link=averiguar averiguar

► verbo transitivo

1 DERECHO to testify to, bear witness to, give evidence of

■ algunos testigos atestiguaron que los ladrones huyeron en coche some witnesses testified that the thieves got away by car

■ el amigo atestiguó su inocencia his friend testified to his innocence

2 (ofrecer muestras) to attest, testify, vouch for

■ tu sinceridad atestigua que eres una buena persona your sincerity vouches for the fact that you are an honest person

* * *

* * *

VT (Jur) to testify to, give evidence of; (=dar prueba de) to attest, vouch for

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) (Der) to testify

b) ( probar) to bear witness to

* * *

= witness, bear + witness, speak to.

Ex. We sometimes only have to speak a word to witness a reaction in other people that should logically follow only if the object itself were present.

Ex. Controversy and antagonism attended each area of investigation, as a flood of secondary publication bears witness.

Ex. These reasons speak to the duties and enduring mores of the professoriate.

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) (Der) to testify

b) ( probar) to bear witness to

* * *

* * *

atestiguar [ A16 ]

1 ( Der) to testify

2 (probar) to bear witness to

los resultados atestiguan el esfuerzo realizado the results bear witness to the amount of effort which has been put in

existen datos que atestiguan estas declaraciones there are figures to back up o support these statements

to testify

* * *

a) (Der) to testify

b) ( probar) to bear witness to

* * *

♦ vt

1. [declarar]

2. [demostrar, probar]

diversos estudios atestiguan la validez de su teoría various studies bear witness to o bear out the validity of her theory;

la economía sigue creciendo, así lo atestiguan las estadísticas the economy continues to grow, as is borne out by the statistics

♦ vi

* * *

v/t JUR testify; fig

bear witness to

* * *

atestiguar {10} vt

: to testify to, to bear witness to

atestiguar vi

declarar: to testify

(trennb., hat -ge-)

I v/t Sache: express, convey; Person: state, declare, say; das Kunstwerk sagt etwas aus has something to say, has a message

II v/i JUR. make a statement, give evidence; vor Gericht: testify, give evidence ( oder testimony) in court ( für in s.o.’s favo[u]r; gegen against s.o.; zu on); als Zeuge / vor Gericht aussagen give evidence ( oder testify) as a witness / in court

* * *

to predicate; to state; to testify; to declare

* * *

1. vt

2. vi (JUR)

* * *

* * *

I. vt

▪ etw [über jdn/etw] \aussagen

1. (darstellen) to say sth [about sb/sth]; JUR to give sth in evidence about sb/sth, to testify [to sb's actions/to sth]

2. (deutlich machen) to say sth [about sb/sth]

was will der Dichter mit diesem Gedicht \aussagen? what's the poet trying to say [or form convey] with this poem?

II. vi JUR

▪ [vor etw dat] \aussagen Zeuge to testify [or give evidence] [before sth]; Angeklagter, Beschuldigter to make a statement [before sth]

eidlich [o unter Eid] \aussagen to give evidence under oath, to depose form

mündlich/schriftlich \aussagen to give evidence/to make a statement

▪ für/gegen jdn \aussagen to give evidence [or testify] in sb's favour [or AM -or]/against sb

* * *

1) say

2) (fig.) <picture, novel, etc.> express

3) (vor Gericht, vor der Polizei)

intransitives Verb make a statement; (unter Eid) testify

* * *

aussagen (trennb, hat -ge-)

A. v/t Sache: express, convey; Person: state, declare, say;

das Kunstwerk

sagt etwas aus has something to say, has a message

B. v/i JUR make a statement, give evidence; vor Gericht: testify, give evidence ( oder testimony) in court (

für in sb’s favo[u]r;

gegen against sb;

zu on);

als Zeuge/vor Gericht aussagen give evidence ( oder testify) as a witness/in court

* * *

1) say

2) (fig.) <picture, novel, etc.> express

3) (vor Gericht, vor der Polizei)

intransitives Verb make a statement; (unter Eid) testify

* * *

to predicate v.

to reveal v.

1. v/i testify, give evidence

2. v/t fig testify to

law testimoniare il falso commit perjury

* * *

testimoniare v.tr. to testify (to) (sthg.): testimoniò che l'automobile veniva da sinistra, he testified that the car was coming from the left; testimoniare il falso, to give false testimony; questo testimonia la mia buona volontà, this testifies to (o is evidence of) my good will; lacrime che testimoniavano il suo dolore, tears that testified (to) her grief

◆ v. intr. to testify, to bear* witness: testimoniò della mia onestà, he bore witness to my honesty; testimoniare in favore di, contro qlcu., to testify for, against s.o.

* * *

1. vt

2. vi

(aus avere) to testify, give evidence

* * *

verbo transitivo

1) dir. to testify ( che that), to bear* witness ( che to the fact that)

2) (provare) to witness, to attest (to), to testify (to), to vouch for

verbo intransitivo (aus. avere) dir. to give* evidence, to give* testimony, to testify (a favore di qcn. for sb.; contro qcn. against sb.)

* * *

testimoniare

/testimo'njare/ [1]

I verbo transitivo

 1 dir. to testify ( che that), to bear* witness ( che to the fact that); testimoniare il falso to give false testimony, to bear false witness

 2 (provare) to witness, to attest (to), to testify (to), to vouch for

II verbo intransitivo

 (aus. avere) dir. to give* evidence, to give* testimony, to testify (a favore di qcn. for sb.; contro qcn. against sb.).

(trennb., hat -ge-)

I v/t Sache: express, convey; Person: state, declare, say; das Kunstwerk sagt etwas aus has something to say, has a message

II v/i JUR. make a statement, give evidence; vor Gericht: testify, give evidence ( oder testimony) in court ( für in s.o.’s favo[u]r; gegen against s.o.; zu on); als Zeuge / vor Gericht aussagen give evidence ( oder testify) as a witness / in court

* * *

to predicate; to state; to testify; to declare

* * *

1. vt

2. vi (JUR)

* * *

* * *

I. vt

▪ etw [über jdn/etw] \aussagen

1. (darstellen) to say sth [about sb/sth]; JUR to give sth in evidence about sb/sth, to testify [to sb's actions/to sth]

2. (deutlich machen) to say sth [about sb/sth]

was will der Dichter mit diesem Gedicht \aussagen? what's the poet trying to say [or form convey] with this poem?

II. vi JUR

▪ [vor etw dat] \aussagen Zeuge to testify [or give evidence] [before sth]; Angeklagter, Beschuldigter to make a statement [before sth]

eidlich [o unter Eid] \aussagen to give evidence under oath, to depose form

mündlich/schriftlich \aussagen to give evidence/to make a statement

▪ für/gegen jdn \aussagen to give evidence [or testify] in sb's favour [or AM -or]/against sb

* * *

1) say

2) (fig.) <picture, novel, etc.> express

3) (vor Gericht, vor der Polizei)

intransitives Verb make a statement; (unter Eid) testify

* * *

aussägen v/t (trennb, hat -ge-) saw out

* * *

1) say

2) (fig.) <picture, novel, etc.> express

3) (vor Gericht, vor der Polizei)

intransitives Verb make a statement; (unter Eid) testify

* * *

to predicate v.

to reveal v.

attester [atεste]

➭ TABLE 1 transitive verb

• attester que... to testify that...

• attester l'innocence de qn to prove sb's innocence

• comme en attestent les sondages as the polls show

• mot non attesté dans les dictionnaires word not attested by dictionaries

* * *

1) ( certifier) to vouch for; ( témoigner) to testify to

2) ( être preuve de) to prove, to attest to

* * *

1) (= certifier) [véracité, authenticité, honnêteté, exactitude] [personne] to attest to, to vouch for, [chose] to attest to, to prove

2)

* * *

attester verb table: aimer vtr

1 ( certifier) to vouch for [vérité, innocence, fait]; ( témoigner) to testify to [vérité, innocence]; attester que to vouch for the fact that; ( témoigner) to testify that; j'atteste qu'il était présent I can vouch for the fact that he was there; fait attesté attested fact; ce fait est attesté par plusieurs témoins several witnesses can vouch for the fact; forme attestée/non attestée Ling attested/unattested form;

2 ( être preuve de) [fait, déclaration] to prove, to attest to; les chiffres attestent leur succès the figures prove their success; attester la bonne foi de qn to prove sb's good faith;

3 ( prendre à témoin) liter j'atteste le Ciel/les dieux que I call heaven/the gods to witness that; j'en atteste le Ciel as God is my judge.

[atɛste] verbe transitif

1. [certifier] to attest

2. [témoigner] to attest ou to testify to, to vouch for

cette version des faits est attestée par la presse this version of the facts is borne out by the press

————————

attester de verbe plus préposition

ainsi qu'en attesteront ceux qui me connaissent as those who know me will testify

1 faith (creencia, confianza).

la fe católica the Catholic faith

hacer algo de buena fe to do something in good faith

tener fe en to have faith in, to believe in

la fe mueve montañas faith can move mountains

2 certificate (document).

fe de bautismo baptismal certificate

fe de erratas errata

3 Fe, iron.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 faith

2 DERECHO (certificado) certificate

\

de buena fe in good faith, with good intentions

■ lo hizo de buena fe, pensando que nos ayudaría he did it in good faith thinking it would help us

de mala fe dishonestly, with dishonest intentions

tener una fe ciega to have blind faith (en, in)

fe de bautismo baptism certificate

fe de matrimonio marriage certificate

fe de erratas errata plural

fe de vida document proving that SB is still alive

la fe cristiana the Christian faith

* * *

1) faith

2) belief

3) testimony

* * *

SF ABR

* * *

1) (Relig) faith; (creencia, confianza) faith

2) (frml) ( testimonio)

- fe de bautismo

- fe de erratas

- fe de vida

3) (voluntad, intención)

* * *

= faith, shibboleth.

Ex. This may be seen as a good or a bad thing, depending on your faith in the market forces and laisser-faire of Prestel or the benign dictatorship of the BBC and ITV.

Ex. The article is entitled ' Shibboleth and substance in North American library and information science education'.

----

* acto de fé = act of faith.

* actuar de buena fe = act in + good faith.

* buena fe = goodwill [good will].

* crisis de fe = crisis of faith.

* dar fe = attest, certify.

* dar fe de = testify (to/of), vouch (for), be testimony to.

* dar fe de que = attest to + the fact that.

* de buena fe = bona fide, in good faith.

* fe católica = Catholic faith.

* fe ciega = blind faith, blind trust.

* fe de erratas = corrigenda [sing. corrigendum], errata [erratum, -sing.], errata slip, errata sheet.

* fe religiosa = religious faith.

* la fe mueve montañas = faith will move mountains.

* obrar de buena fe = act in + good faith.

* perder la fe = lose + Posesivo + faith.

* salto de fe = leap of faith.

* tener fe = have + faith (in).

* tener fe en = have + faith (in).

* * *

1) (Relig) faith; (creencia, confianza) faith

2) (frml) ( testimonio)

- fe de bautismo

- fe de erratas

- fe de vida

3) (voluntad, intención)

* * *

* * *

1 ( Relig) faith

abrazar la fe cristiana to embrace the Christian faith

ha perdido la fe she has lost her faith

2 (creencia, confianza) faith

tener fe en Dios to have faith in God

había puesto toda mi fe en ti I had put all my trust in you

le tiene una fe ciega he has absolute o blind faith in it

la fe del carbonero blind faith

B ( frml)

(testimonio): dar fe de algo to testify to sth

doy fe de su honestidad I can testify to o vouch for his honesty

doy fe de que el documento es auténtico I bear witness to the authenticity of the document, I certify that the document is authentic

en fe de todo ello ( frml); in witness hereof ( frml)

a fe mía ( arc); upon my soul ( arch)

certificate of baptism

errata

(voluntad, intención): buena/mala fe good/bad faith

actuar de buena/mala fe to act in good/bad faith

no dudo de su buena fe I don't doubt his good intentions

lo hizo con la mejor fe del mundo he did it with the best of intentions

* * *

a) (Relig) faith;

◊ tener fe en algo/algn to have faith in sth/sb;

b) ( intención):

◊ no dudo de su buena fe I don't doubt his good intentions;

* * *

fe nf

1. [creencia] faith;

la fe mueve montañas faith can move mountains;

la fe obra milagros faith can work miracles

fe ciega blind faith;

tiene una fe ciega en ese medicamento he has absolute faith in that medicine

2. [religión] faith;

la fe católica/islámica the Catholic/Islamic faith

3. [confianza] faith, confidence;

ser digno de fe to be credible;

tener fe en to have faith in, to believe in;

hay que tener fe en el médico one must have confidence in one's doctor

4. [documento] certificate

fe de erratas errata [plural];

fe de vida = certificate testifying that owner is still alive

5. [palabra de honor]

doy fe de que ocurrió así I confirm that this is how it happened;

a fe mía on my word (of honour)

6. [intención]

hacer algo de buena/mala fe to do sth in good/bad faith;

no pongo en duda su buena fe I don't doubt her good intentions

* * *

1 faith (en in);

tener fe en believe in, have faith in;

la fe mueve montañas faith moves mountains

2 ( intención)

de buena/mala fe in good/bad faith

dar fe de testify to;

dar fe de que vouch for the fact that; JUR testify that

* * *

fe nf

1) : faith

2) : assurance, testimony

dar fe de: to bear witness to

3) : intention, will

de buena fe: bona fide, in good faith

* * *

fe n faith

1 to testify, to give evidence (law).

2 to attest, to attest to, to certify, to declare.

* * *

Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar

► verbo transitivo

1 to testify

* * *

VT (=atestiguar) to attest; [en juicio] to testify to, give evidence of

VI [en juicio] to testify, give evidence

* * *

= attest.

Ex. The latter statement undervalues long-established interests of SLIS in the field of information and ignores frequently attested movement of SLIS personnel into non-library information posts.

----

* testificar bajo juramento = testify + under oath.

* * *

* * *

testificar [A2 ]

( Der)

1 (ser prueba de) to testify

2 (declarar) to attest, declare

3 (actuar como testigo de) to witness

«testigo» to testify, give evidence

testificar a favor/en contra de algn to testify o give evidence for/against sb

* * *

* * *

♦ vt

1. [dar testimonio de]

2. [probar, indicar] to testify to, to bear witness to;

sus acciones testifican su ignorancia her actions testify to o bear witness to her ignorance

♦ vi

to testify, to give evidence;

testificar a favor/en contra de alguien to testify in favour of/against sb

* * *

I v/t ( probar, mostrar) be proof of;

testificar que JUR testify that, give evidence that

II v/i testify, give evidence

* * *

testificar {72} v

: to testify

μαρτυρέω impf. ἐμαρτύρουν; fut. μαρτυρήσω; 1 aor. ἐμαρτύρησα; pf. μεμαρτύρηκα. Pass.: impf. ἐμαρτυρούμην; 1 aor. ἐμαρτυρήθην Hb 11:2, 4, 39; pf. μεμαρτύρημαι (s. four next entries; Semonides, Hdt.+)

① to confirm or attest someth. on the basis of personal knowledge or belief, bear witness, be a witness.

ⓐ to offer testimony

α. act. ὑμεῖς μαρτυρεῖτε you are witnesses J 15:27. ἐὰν θέλωσιν μαρτυρεῖν if they are willing to appear as witnesses Ac 26:5.—J 12:17; 1J 5:6f. Parenthetically, emphasizing the correctness of a statement, μαρτυρῶ I can testify (POxy 105, 13 Σαραπίων μαρτυρῶ=‘I, S., am witness’; PLond III, 1164 [f], 35 al. p. 162.—B-D-F §465, 2; Rob. 434) 2 Cor 8:3. περί τινος bear witness, testify concerning someone or someth. (PGrenf II, 73, 16 ὅταν ἔλθῃ σὺν θεῷ, μαρτυρήσει σοι περὶ ὧν αὐτὴν πεποιήκασιν; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 217, Vi. 259) J 1:7f, 15 (in the very likely case that μαρτυρεῖ refers to the past, cp. Caecil. Calact., Fgm. 75 p. 58, 2ff, where examples are given of the interchange of tenses: Demosth. 59, 34 τοὺς ὁρῶντας for τ. ἑωρακότας; Eur., Androm. Fgm. 145 Nauck² ὁρῶ ἀντὶ τοῦ εἶδον; Thu. 2, 35, 1 ἐπαινοῦσι ἀντὶ τοῦ ἐπῄνεσαν); 2:25; 5:31, 32a, 36f, 39; 7:7; 8:13f, 18ab; 10:25; 15:26; 21:24; 1J 5:9. μαρτύρησον περὶ τοῦ κακοῦ testify to the wrong J 18:23 (μ.=furnish proof X., Symp. 8, 12). Also ἐπί τινι Hb 11:4b (on ἐπί w. dat. in this pass. s. Gen 4:4). W. dat. of thing (Jos., Ant. 12, 135; Ath. 16, 3 τῷ λόγω. Πλάτων) μ. τῇ ἀληθείᾳ bear witness to the truth J 5:33; 18:37. μ. σου τῇ ἀληθείᾳ testify to the truth of your (way of life) 3J 3; σου τῇ ἀγάπῃ vs. 6. W. dat. of pers. about whom testimony is given (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 73 §298; Just., D. 122, 2.—It is dat. of advantage or disadv.) Ac 10:43; 22:5; GJs 15:2; w. ptc. foll. (μ. Ἰακὼβ λέγων Did., Gen. 221, 2) θεὸς ἐμαρτύρησεν αὐτοῖς δοὺς κτλ. God testified for them by giving Ac 15:8 (though αὐτοῖς can also be taken w. δούς); w. ὅτι foll. bear someone witness that J 3:28; Ro 10:2; Gal 4:15; Col 4:13. μ. ἑαυτῷ, ὅτι bear witness to oneself that Mt 23:31. The dat. can also designate the pers. who is informed or instructed by the testimony: bear witness to someone Hb 10:15; Rv 22:18.—μ. ὅτι testify that (Aelian, VH 9, 11; Did., Gen. 156, 28) J 1:34; 4:44; 12:17 v.l.; 1J 4:14. ὅτι introducing direct discourse J 4:39. μ. κατὰ τ. θεοῦ ὅτι bear witness against God by declaring that 1 Cor 15:15 (PPetr II, 21 [d], 12 [III B.C.] καθʼ οὗ μαρτυρῶ). ἐμαρτύρησεν καὶ εἶπεν w. direct discourse foll. J 13:21. μ. λέγων w. direct disc. foll. J 1:32. Of God μοι μαρτυρεῖ λέγων (Ps 89:4 follows) he testifies (of it) to me by saying 15:4. For 1 Ti 6:13 s. c below.

β. pass., be witnessed, have witness borne ὑπό τινος by someone (Philo, Leg. All. 3, 46 σοφία μαρτυρουμένη ὑπὸ θεοῦ; Just., D. 63, 5 Χριστὸς ὑπὸ τοῦ ταῦτα ποιήσαντος μαρτυρούμενος. Of Jesus: ὑπὸ τῶν προφητῶν πολλαχοῦ μεμαρτ. Orig., C. Cels. 2, 9, 30) Ro 3:21 (the witness of the law and prophets points to God’s righteousness). Foll. by ὅτι and a quot. in direct discourse Hb 7:17. μαρτυρούμενος ὅτι ζῇ one of whom it is testified that he lives vs. 8.

ⓑ to confirm bear witness to, declare, confirm, act. (Eunap., Vi. Soph. p. 76 ὁ θεὸς ἐμαρτύρησε; Iren. 2, 22, 5 [Harv I 331, 1]) τὶ someth. (Demosth. 57, 4 ἀκοήν; Aeschin. 1, 46 τἀληθῆ). ὸ̔ ἑωράκαμεν μαρτυροῦμεν J 3:11; cp. vs. 32. τὸν λόγον τ. θεοῦ Rv 1:2. ταῦτα 22:20. τινί τὶ someth. to or for someone (Dionys. Hal. 3, 67, 1; Jos., Ant. 6, 355) vs. 16. ὑμῖν τ. ζωήν 1J 1:2. The acc. is to be supplied fr. the context J 19:35; Ac 23:11. W. ptc. ἀκούσαντες μαρτυρήσωσιν they must admit that they have heard PtK 3 p. 15, 23.—μαρτυρίαν μ. bear witness, confirm, attest (Ps.-Pla., Eryx. 399b; Epict. 4, 8, 32) περί τινος concerning someone J 5:32b; 1J 5:10 (POxy 3313, 25f μαρτυρήσει σοι Σαραπᾶς περὶ τῶν ῥόδων S. will confirm to you about the roses).

ⓒ to support one’s testimony with total selfgiving, eccl. usage w. regard to martyrdom bear witness, testify, be a witness (unto death), be martyred, act. (TestAbr B 11 p. 115, 16 [Stone p. 787] Ἄβελ ὁ ἐν πρώτοις μαρτυρήσας; Mel., HE 4, 26, 3; τοῖς μαρτυρούσι τῷ χριστιανισμῷ μέχρι θανάτου Orig., C. Cels. 1, 8, 2): of Paul μαρτυρήσας ἐπὶ τῶν ἡγουμένων … εἰς τὸν ἅγιον τόπον ἐπορεύθη 1 Cl 5:7; cp. vs. 4; MPol 1:1; 19:1; 21f (Iren. 3, 3, 4 [Harv. II 12, 8]); EpilMosq 4. Prob. 1 Ti 6:13 also belongs here: Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ μαρτυρήσαντος ἐπὶ Ποντίου Πιλάτου τ. καλὴν ὁμολογίαν Christ Jesus, who made the good confession before Pontius Pilate (s. GBaldensperger, RHPR 2, 1922, 1–25; 95–117); otherwise the passage may be classed under a above.

② to affirm in a supportive manner, testify favorably, speak well (of), approve

ⓐ act. (Dio Chrys. 23 [40], 19; SIG 374, 37 [III B.C.]; POxy 930, 16) w. dat. of the pers. (Appian, Samn. 11, §2 τοῖς ὑπάτοις, Liby. 105 §495, Bell. Civ. 4, 92 §387; Aelian, VH 1, 30; Jos., Ant. 12, 134) or of the thing approved Lk 4:22 (OFearghus, ZNW 75, ’84, 60–72 [pap and ins]; JNolland, JBL 98, ’79, 219–29); J 3:26. Of God toward David Ac 13:22. μὴ ἑαυτῷ μαρτυρείτω he must not testify (favorably) concerning himself 1 Cl 38:2. W. dat. to be supplied 3J 12b. μαρτυρίᾳ, ᾗ ἐμαρτύρησεν αὐτῷ ὁ δεσπότης Hs 5, 2, 6. Of the flesh ἵνα τὸ πνεῦμα … μαρτυρήσῃ αὐτῇ Hs 5, 7, 1.—ὁ κύριος ὁ μαρτυρῶν ἐπὶ (which a v.l. omits; μ. ἐπί τινι as Jos., Ant. 3, 189) τῷ λόγῳ τ. χάριτος αὐτοῦ the Lord, who attested the word of his grace Ac 14:3. With συνευδοκέω Lk 11:48 v.l.

ⓑ pass., be well spoken of, be approved (Ep. 12 of Apollonius of Tyana: Philostrat. I 348, 26; Just., D. 29, 1. Exx. fr. ins in Dssm., NB 93 [BS 265], LO 69, 2 [LAE 84, 5]) ἀνὴρ μαρτυρούμενος or μεμαρτυρημένος a man of good reputation Ac 6:3; IPhld 11:1. Of OT worthies people of attested merit 1 Cl 17:1; 19:1. Of David 18:1. Of Abraham μεγάλως ἐμαρτυρήθη his merit was gloriously attested 17:2 (cp. Just., D. 11, 5 ἐπὶ τῇ πίστει μαρτυηθέντος ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ). Of the apostles 47:4. Of Paul IEph 12:2. Of church leaders 1 Cl 44:3.—Foll. by nom. and inf. Hb 11:4a; cp. vs. 5. διά τινος be praised for someth. 11:4a, 39. ἐν ἔργοις καλοῖς μαρτυρούμενος well attested in good deeds 1 Ti 5:10; cp. Hb 11:2. ὑπό τινος be well spoken of by someone (M. Ant. 7, 62; SIG 799, 28; Jos., Ant. 3, 59; Just., D. 29, 3; 92, 4; New Docs 7, 233, no. 10, 10 of a benefactor) Ac 10:22; 16:2; 22:12; IPhld 5:2.—Impersonally μαρτυρεῖταί τινι ὑπό τινος a good testimony is given by someone to someone (Dionys. Hal., Thu. 8 μαρτυρεῖται τῷ ἀνδρὶ τάχα μὲν ὐπὸ πάντων φιλοσόφων; BGU 1141, 15 [14 B.C.] ὡς καὶ μαρτυρηθήσεταί σοι ὑπὸ τῶν φίλων) Δημητρίῳ μεμαρτύρηται ὑπὸ πάντων καὶ ὑπὸ αὐτῆς τῆς ἀληθείας Demetrius has received a good testimony from everyone and from the truth itself 3J 12a.—Dg 12:6.—OMichel, Bibl. Bekennen u. Bezeugen, Ὁμολογεῖν und μαρτυρεῖν im bibl. Sprachgebr.: Evang. Theologie 2, ’35, 231–45; EBurnier, La notion de témoignage dans le NT ’39.—DELG s.v. μάρτυς. M-M. EDNT. TRE XXII 196–212. TW.

μαρτῠρ-έω, [tense] fut. - ήσω Pi.O.6.21:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut.

A

μαρτυρηθήσομαι Is.8.13

, D.19.40; μαρτυρήσομαι in pass. sense, X. (v.infr. 9), D. 57.37: [tense] aor. ἐμαρτυρήθην: [tense] pf.

μεμαρτύρημαι Antipho 6.16

, used in act. sense, LXX Ge.43.3:—bear witness, give evidence:—Constr.:

1 abs., Simon. 4.7, Pi.I.5(4).48;

μαρτυροῦντι πιστεύειν Antipho 2.2.7

;

ἐξέστω καὶ τοῖς δούλοις μαρτυρεῖν PLille29.20

(iii B.C.), cf. SIG953.19 (Calymna, ii B.C.), etc.

2 c. dat. pers., bear witness to or in favour of another, confirm what he says, A.Eu. 594, Hdt. 8.94, etc.; μαρτυρέει μοι τῇ γνώμῃ, ὅτι .. bears witness to my opinion, that.., Id.2.18, cf. 4.29;

μαρτυρεῖς σαυτῷ E. Ion 532

; esp. bear favourable witness to, give a good report of a person, IG22.657 (iii B.C.), etc.;

πάντες ἐμαρτύρουν αὐτῷ Eu. Luc.4.22

. b. c. dat. rei,

μ. τῇ διαθήκῃ POxy.494.33

(ii A.D.), etc.

3 c. acc. rei, testify to a thing, Alc. 102, Pi.O.13.108, S.Ant. 515, Pl.Phdr. 244d;

μ. τινί τι Pi.O.6.21

, A.Supp. 797 (lyr.).

4

μ. περί τινος Pl.Ap. 21a

;

ὑπέρ τινος D.29.54

.

5 c. inf., testify that a thing is, Heraclit. 34, S.OC 1265, etc.; τίς σοι μαρτυρήσει ταῦτ' ἐμοῦ κλύειν; that he heard.. ? Id.Tr. 422, cf. E.Hipp. 977;

ὁ κληθεὶς μαρτυρείτω ἀληθῆ μαρτυρεῖν PHal.1.225

(iii B.C.): rarely c. part.,

μαρτυρεῖτέ [μοι].. ῥινηλατούσῃ A.Ag. 1184

;

μ. τισὶ παραγινομέναις D.H. 8.46

.

6 μ. τινὶ ὡς .. A.Ag. 494, cf. Pl.Grg. 523c;

σώματα.. ὡς ἔστιν, αὐτὴ ἡ αἴσθησις.. μ. Epicur. Ep.1p.6U.

; μ. ὅτι .. X.Vect.4.25.

7 μ. τινὶ τῆς συμμαχίας testify to, acknowledge the value of his alliance, J.AJ13.5.3.

8 c. acc. cogn.,

μαρτυρίαν μ. Is. 11.25

, Pl.Erx. 399b; μ. ἀκοήν give hearsay evidence, D.57.4; μ. ψεῦδος, ψεύδη, bear false witness, Amips. 13, Diph. 32.16;

τὰ ψευδῆ Lys. 19.4

;

τἀληθῆ Aeschin. 1.46

:—[voice] Pass.,

μαρτυρίαι μαρτυρηθεῖσαι D. 47.1

;

μεμαρτύρηταί τι περί τινος Antipho 6.16

, cf. Lys. 13.66.

9 impers. in [voice] Pass., παρ' ἄλλου ποιητοῦ μαρτυρεῖται testimony is borne by.., Pl.Prt. 344d; οἶδα.. μαρτυρήσεσθαί μοι ὅτι .. X.Mem.4.8.10, cf.Ap.26; μεμαρτύρηται ὑμῖν testimony has been given before you, Lys. 19.55, Is.9.5.

10 [voice] Pass., μαρτυρεῖταί μοι σοφία is ascribed to me, D.H. 2.26; μαρτυροῦμαι ἐμπειρίαν I have it ascribed to me, Plu. 2.58a, cf. Luc.Sacr.10;

καλοκἀγαθίαν μαρτυρούμενος J.AJ 15.10.5

; μαρτυροῦμαι ἐπί τινι I bear a character for.., Ath. 1.25 f; ἄνδρας μαρτυρουμένους men whose character is approved by testimony, Act.Ap.6.3;

τεχνίτας.. μαρτυρηθέντας ὑπό τινος SIG799.28

(Cyzicus, i A.D.);

δι' ὅλης οἰκουμένης μαρτυρούμενον θεόν Sammelb. 1070

([place name] Abydos).

II Astrol., to be in aspect with, c. dat., Ptol.Tetr. 123;

μ. τὴν μοῖραν Cat.Cod.Astr.7.226

:—[voice] Pass., Nech. ap. Vett.Val. 279.23.

1. vt

2. vi

(aus avere) to testify, give evidence

1. (zeigen) show, display; Interesse bekunden show oder display (an) interest

2. (erklären) state, declare; JUR. testify

II v/refl geh. reveal itself

* * *

to evince

* * *

1. vt

2. vr (geh)

* * *

▪ etw [über etw akk] \bekunden to show [or express] sth [about sth]

Interesse [an etw akk]/Sympathie [für etw akk] \bekunden to express interest [in sth]/a liking [for sth]

* * *

* * *

A. v/t

1. (zeigen) show, display;

Interesse bekunden show oder display (an) interest

2. (erklären) state, declare; JUR testify

B. v/r geh reveal itself

* * *

* * *

to evince v.

to manifest v.

υἱός, οῦ, ὁ (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.) prim. ‘son’

① a male who is in a kinship relationship either biologically or by legal action, son, offspring, descendant

ⓐ the direct male issue of a person, son τέξεται υἱόν Mt 1:21; GJs 14:2 (cp. Mel., P. 8, 53 ὡς γὰρ υἱὸς τεχθείς). Cp. Mt 1:23 (Is 7:14) and 25; 10:37 (w. θυγάτηρ); Mk 12:6a; Lk 1:13, 31, 57; 11:11; 15:11 (on this JEngel, Die Parabel v. Verlorenen Sohn: ThGl 18, 1926, 54–64; MFrost, The Prodigal Son: Exp. 9th ser., 2, 1924, 56–60; EBuonaiuti, Religio 11, ’35, 398–402); Ac 7:29; Ro 9:9 (cp. Gen 18:10); Gal 4:22 al. W. gen. Mt 7:9; 20:20f; 21:37ab; Mk 6:3; 9:17; Lk 3:2; 4:22; 15:19; J 9:19f; Ac 13:21; 16:1; 23:16; Gal 4:30abc (Gen 21:10abc); Js 2:21; AcPlCor 2:29. Also ἐγὼ Φαρισαῖός εἰμι υἱὸς Φαρισαίων Ac 23:6 is prob. a ref. to direct descent. μονογενὴς υἱός (s. μονογενής 1) Lk 7:12. ὁ υἱὸς ὁ πρωτότοκος (πρωτότοκος 1) 2:7.

ⓑ the immediate male offspring of an animal (Ps 28:1 υἱοὺς κριῶν; Sir 38:25. So Lat. filius: Columella 6, 37, 4) in our lit. only as foal ἐπὶ πῶλον υἱὸν ὑποζυγίου Mt 21:5 (cp. Zech 9:9 πῶλον νέον).

ⓒ human offspring in an extended line of descent, descendant, son Ἰωσὴφ υἱὸς Δαυίδ Mt 1:20 (cp. Jos., Ant. 11, 73); s. 2dα below. υἱοὶ Ἰσραήλ (Ἰσραήλ 1) Mt 27:9; Lk 1:16; Ac 5:21; 7:23, 37; 9:15; 10:36; Ro 9:27; 2 Cor 3:7, 13; Hb 11:22 al.; AcPlCor 2:32. οἱ υἱοὶ Λευί (Num 26:57) Hb 7:5. υἱὸς Ἀβραάμ Lk 19:9. υἱοὶ Ἀδάμ 1 Cl 29:2 (Dt 32:8). υἱοι Ῥουβήλ GJs 6:3.

ⓓ one who is accepted or legally adopted as a son (Herodian 5, 7, 1; 4; 5; Jos, Ant. 2, 263; 20, 150) Ac 7:21 (cp. Ex 2:10).—J 19:26.

② a pers. related or closely associated as if by ties of sonship, son, transf. sense of 1

ⓐ of a pupil, follower, or one who is otherw. a spiritual son (SIG 1169, 12 οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ θεοῦ=the pupils and helpers [40] of Asclepius; sim. Maximus Tyr. 4, 2c; Just., D. 86, 6 οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν προφητῶν.—Some combination w. παῖδες is the favorite designation for those who are heirs of guild-secrets or who are to perpetuate a skill of some kind: Pla., Rep. 3, 407e, Leg. 6, 769b; Dionys. Hal., Comp. Verbi 22 p. 102, 4 Us./Rdm. ῥητόρων παῖδες; Lucian, Anach. 19, Dial. Mort. 11, 1 Χαλδαίων π.=dream-interpreters, Dips. 5 ἱατρῶν π., Amor. 49; Himerius, Or. 48 [=Or. 14], 13 σοφῶν π.): the ‘sons’ of the Pharisees Mt 12:27; Lk 11:19. Peter says Μᾶρκος ὁ υἱός μου 1 Pt 5:13 (perh. w. a component of endearment; s. Μᾶρκος). As a familiar form of address by a cherished mentor Hb 12:5 (Pr 3:11; ParJer 5:28; 7:24). υἱοὶ καὶ θυγατέρες B 1:1.

ⓑ of the individual members of a large and coherent group (cp. the υἷες Ἀχαιῶν in Homer; also PsSol 2:3 οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰερουσαλήμ; Dio Chrys. 71 [21], 15; LXX) οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ λαοῦ μου 1 Cl 8:3 (scripture quot. of unknown origin). υἱοὶ γένους Ἀβραάμ Ac 13:26. οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων (Gen 11:5; Ps 11:2, 9; 44:3; TestLevi 3:10; TestZeb 9:7; GrBar 2:4) the sons of men=humans (cp. dγ below) Mk 3:28; Eph 3:5; 1 Cl 61:2 (of the earthly rulers in contrast to the heavenly king).

ⓒ of one whose identity is defined in terms of a relationship with a person or thing

α. of those who are bound to a personality by close, non-material ties; it is this personality that has promoted the relationship and given it its character: son(s) of: those who believe are υἱοὶ Ἀβραάμ, because Abr. was the first whose relationship to God was based on faith Gal 3:7. In a special sense the devout, believers, are sons of God, i.e., in the light of the social context, people of special status and privilege (cp. PsSol 17:27; Just., D, 124, 1; Dio Chrys. 58 [75], 8 ὁ τοῦ Διὸς ὄντως υἱός; Epict. 1, 9, 6; 1, 3, 2; 1, 19, 9; Sextus 58; 60; 135; 376a; Dt 14:1; Ps 28:1; 72:15; Is 43:6 [w. θυγατέρες μου]; 45:11; Wsd 2:18; 5:5; 12:21 al.; Jdth 9:4, 13; Esth 8:12q; 3 Macc 6:28; SibOr 3, 702) Mt 5:45; Lk 6:35; Ro 8:14, 19 (‘Redeemer figures’ EFuchs, Die Freiheit des Glaubens, ’49, 108; against him EHommel in ThViat 4, ’52, 118, n. 26); 9:26 (Hos 2:1); 2 Cor 6:18 (w. θυγατέρες, s. Is 43:6 cited above); Gal 3:26 (cp. PsSol 17:27); 4:6a, 7ab (here the υἱός is the κληρονόμος and his opposite is the δοῦλος); Hb 2:10 (JKögel, Der Sohn u. die Söhne: Eine exeget. Studie zu Hb 2:5–18, 1904); 12:5–8 (in vs. 8 opp. νόθος, q.v.); Rv 21:7; 2 Cl 1:4; B 4:9. Corresp. there are sons of the devil (on this subj. cp. Hdb. on J 8:44) υἱὲ διαβόλου Ac 13:10. οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ πονηροῦ (masc.) Mt 13:38b. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἐν Ἅιδου ApcPt Rainer. In υἱοί ἐστε τῶν φονευσάντων τοὺς προφήτας Mt 23:31 this mng. is prob. to be combined w. sense 1c. The expr. υἱοὶ θεοῦ Mt 5:9 looks to the future (s. Betz, SM ad loc.; cp. KKöhler, StKr 91, 1918, 189f). Lk 20:36a signifies a status akin to that of angels (Ps 88:7; θεῶν παῖδες as heavenly beings: Maximus Tyr. 11, 5a; 12a; 13, 6a.—Hierocles 3, 424 the ἄγγελοι are called θεῶν παῖδες; HWindisch, Friedensbringer-Gottessöhne: ZNW 24, 1925, 240–60, discounts connection w. angels and contends for the elevation of the ordinary followers of Jesus to the status of Alexander the Great in his role as an εἰρηνηποιός [cp. Plut., Mor. 329c]; for measured critique of this view s. Betz, SM 137–42.).

β. υἱός w. gen. of thing, to denote one who shares in it or who is worthy of it, or who stands in some other close relation to it, oft. made clear by the context; this constr. is prob. a Hebraism in the main, but would not appear barbaric (B-D-F §162, 6; Mlt-H. 441; Dssm., B p. 162–66 [BS 161–66]; PASA II 1884, no. 2 υἱὸς πόλεως [time of Nero; on this type of formulation SEG XXXIX, 1864]; IMagnMai 167, 5; 156, 12) οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου (αἰών 2a) Lk 16:8a (opp. οἱ υἱοί τοῦ φωτός vs. 8b); 20:34. τῆς ἀναστάσεως υἱοί (to Mediterranean publics the functional equivalent of ἀθάνατοι ‘immortals’; cp. ἀνάστασις 2b) 20:36b. υἱοὶ τῆς ἀνομίας (ἀνομία 1; cp. CD 6:15) Hv 3, 6, 1; ApcPt 1:3; τῆς ἀπειθείας (s. ἀπείθεια) Eph 2:2; 5:6; Col 3:6; τῆς ἀπωλείας ApcPt 1:2. ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας of Judas the informer J 17:12 (cp. similar expressions in Eur., Hec. 425; Menand., Dyscolus 88f: s. FDanker, NTS 7, ’60/61, 94), of the end-time adversary 2 Th 2:3. υἱοὶ τῆς βασιλείας (βασιλεία 1bη; s. SEG XXXIX, 1864 for related expressions) Mt 8:12; 13:38a. υἱοὶ βροντῆς Mk 3:17 (s. Βοανηργές). υἱὸς γεέννης (s. γέεννα) Mt 23:15; τ. διαθήκης (PsSol 17:15) Ac 3:25; εἰρήνης Lk 10:6. υἱοὶ τοῦ νυμφῶνος (s. νυμφών) Mt 9:15; Mk 2:19; Lk 5:34. υἱὸς παρακλήσεως Ac 4:36 (s. Βαρναβᾶς). υἱοὶ (τοῦ) φωτός (Hippol., Ref. 6, 47, 4 in gnostic speculation) Lk 16:8b (opp. υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου); J 12:36. υἱοὶ φωτός ἐστε καὶ υἱοὶ ἡμέρας 1 Th 5:5 (EBuonaiuti, ‘Figli del giorno e della luce’ [1 Th 5:5]: Rivista storico-critica delle Scienze teol. 6, 1910, 89–93).

ⓓ in various combinations as a designation of the Messiah and a self-designation of Jesus

α. υἱὸς Δαυίδ son of David of the Messiah (PsSol 17:21) Mt 22:42–45; Mk 12:35–37; Lk 20:41–44; B 12:10c. Specif. of Jesus as Messiah Mt 1:1a; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30f; 21:9, 15; Mk 10:47f; Lk 18:38f.—WWrede, Jesus als Davidssohn: Vorträge u. Studien 1907, 147–77; WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 4, Rel.³ 226f; ELohmeyer, Gottesknecht u. Davidssohn ’45, esp. 68; 72; 77; 84; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 251–56; WMichaelis, Die Davidsohnschaft Jesu usw., in D. histor. Jesus u. d. kerygm. Christus, ed. Ristow and Matthiae, ’61, 317–30; LFisher, ECColwell Festschr. ’68, 82–97.

β. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, υἱὸς θεοῦ (the) Son of God (for the phrase s. JosAs 6:2 al. Ἰωσὴφ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ; there is no undisputed evidence of usage as messianic title in pre-Christian Judaism [s. Dalman, Worte 219–24, Eng. tr. 268–89; Bousset, Kyrios Christos² 53f; EHuntress, ‘Son of God’ in Jewish Writings Prior to the Christian Era: JBL 54, ’35, 117–23]; cp. 4Q 246 col. 2, 1 [JFitzmyer, A Wandering Aramean ’79, 90–93; JCollins, BRev IX/3, ’93, 34–38, 57]. Among polytheists on the other hand, sons of the gods in a special sense [s. Just., A I, 21, 1f] are not only known to myth and legend, but definite historical personalities are also designated as such. Among them are famous wise men such as Pythagoras and Plato [HUsener, Das Weihnachtsfest² 1911, 71ff], and deified rulers, above all the Roman emperors since the time of Augustus [oft. in ins and pap: Dssm., B 166f=BS 166f, LO 294f=LAE 346f; Thieme 33]. According to Memnon [I B.C./ I A.D.]: 434 Fgm. 1, 1, 1 Jac., Clearchus [IV B.C.] carried his boasting so far as Διὸς υἱὸν ἑαυτὸν ἀνειπεῖν. Also, persons who were active at that time as prophets and wonder-workers laid claim to the title υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, e.g. the Samaritan Dositheus in Origen, C. Cels. 6, 11; sim. an Indian wise man who calls himself Διὸς υἱός Arrian, Anab. 7, 2, 3; cp. Did., Gen. 213, 18 ὁ Ἀβρὰμ υἱὸς θεοῦ διὰ δικαιοσύνην. S. GWetter, ‘Der Sohn Gottes’ 1916; Hdb. exc. on J 1:34; s. also Clemen² 76ff; ENorden, Die Geburt des Kindes 1924, 75; 91f; 132; 156f; EKlostermann, Hdb. exc. on Mk 1:11 [4th ed. ’50]; M-JLagrange, Les origines du dogme paulinien de la divinité de Christ: RB 45, ’36, 5–33; HPreisker, Ntl. Zeitgesch. ’37, 187–208; HBraun, ZTK 54, ’57, 353–64; ANock, ‘Son of God’ in Paul. and Hellen. Thought: Gnomon 33, ’61, 581–90 [=Essays on Religion and the Anc. World II, ’72, 928–39]—originality in Paul’s thought): Ps 2:7 is applied to Jesus υἱός μου εἶ σύ, ἐγὼ σήμερον γεγέννηκά σε Lk 3:22 D; GEb 18, 37.—Ac 13:33; Hb 1:5a; 5:5; 1 Cl 36:4. Likew. Hos 11:1 (w. significant changes): Mt 2:15, and 2 Km 7:14: Hb 1:5b. The voice of God calls him ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (s. ἀγαπητός 1) at his baptism Mt 3:17; Mk 1:11; Lk 3:22; GEb 18, 37 and 39 and at the Transfiguration Mt 17:5; Mk 9:7; Lk 9:35 (here ἐκλελεγμένος instead of ἀγαπ.); 2 Pt 1:17. Cp. J 1:34. The angel at the Annunciation uses these expressions in referring to him: υἱὸς ὑψίστου Lk 1:32; GJs 11:3 and υἱὸς θεοῦ Lk 1:35 (Ar. 15, 1 ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ὑψίστου. Cp. Just., A I, 23, 2 μόνος ἰδίως υἱὸς τῷ θεῷ γεγέννηται). The centurion refers to him at the crucifixion as υἱὸς θεοῦ Mt 27:54; Mk 15:39; GPt 11:45; cp. vs. 46 (CMann, ET 20, 1909, 563f; JPobee, The Cry of the Centurion, A Cry of Defeat: CFDMoule Festschr. ’70, 91–102; EJohnson, JSNT 31, ’87, 3–22 [an indefinite affirmation of Jesus]). The high priest asks εἰ σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Mt 26:63 (DCatchpole, NTS 17, ’71, 213–26). Passers-by ask him to show that he is God’s Son 27:40; sim. the devil 4:3, 6; Lk 4:3, 9. On the other hand, evil spirits address him as the Son of God Mt 8:29; Mk 3:11; 5:7; Lk 4:41; 8:28; and disciples testify that he is Mt 14:33; 16:16. S. also Mk 1:1 (s. SLegg, Ev. Sec. Marc. ’35).—Jesus also refers to himself as Son of God, though rarely apart fr. the Fourth Gosp.: Mt 28:19 (the Risen Lord in the trinitarian baptismal formula); Mt 21:37f=Mk 12:6 (an allusion in the parable of the vinedressers).—Mt 27:43; Mk 13:32; Rv 2:18. The main pass. is the so-called Johannine verse in the synoptics Mt 11:27=Lk 10:22 (s. PSchmiedel, PM 4, 1900,1–22; FBurkitt, JTS 12, 1911, 296f; HSchumacher, Die Selbstoffenbarung Jesu bei Mt 11:27 [Lk 10:22] 1912 [lit.]; Norden, Agn. Th. 277–308; JWeiss, Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 120–29, Urchristentum 1917, 87ff; Bousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 45ff; EMeyer I 280ff; RBultmann, Gesch. d. synopt. Trad.² ’31, 171f; MDibelius, Die Formgeschichte des Evangeliums² ’33, 259; MRist, Is Mt 11:25–30 a Primitive Baptismal Hymn? JR 15, ’35, 63–77; TArvedson, D. Mysterium Christi: E. Studie zu Mt 11:25–30, ’37; WDavies, ‘Knowledge’ in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Mt 11:25–30, HTR 45, ’53, 113–39; WGrundmann, Sohn Gottes, ZNW 47, ’56, 113–33; JBieneck, Sohn Gottes als Christusbez. der Synopt. ’51; PWinter, Mt 11:27 and Lk 10:22: NovT 1, ’56, 112–48; JJocz, Judaica 13, ’57, 129–42; OMichel/OBetz, Von Gott Gezeugt, Beih. ZNW [Jeremias Festschr.] 26, ’60, 3–23 [Qumran]).—Apart fr. the synoptics, testimony to Jesus as the Son of God is found in many parts of our lit. Oft. in Paul: Ro 1:3, 4, 9; 5:10; 8:3, 29, 32; 1 Cor 1:9; 15:28; 2 Cor 1:19; Gal 1:16; 2:20; 4:4; Eph 4:13; Col 1:13; 1 Th 1:10. Cp. Ac 9:20. In Hb: 1:2, 8; 4:14; 5:8; 6:6; 7:3, 28; 10:29. In greatest frequency in John (cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 6 the Λόγος as υἱὸς θεοῦ. Likew. Philo, Agr. 51 πρωτόγονος υἱός, Conf. Lingu. 146 υἱὸς θεοῦ.—Theoph. Ant. 2, 1 [p. 154, 12] ὁ λόγος ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ, ὅς ἐστιν καὶ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ; Iren. 3, 12, 2 [Harv. II 55, 2]): J 1:49; 3:16–18 (s. μονογενής 2), 35f; 5:19–26; 6:40; 8:35f; 10:36; 11:4, 27; 14:13; 17:1; 19:7; 20:31; 1J 1:3, 7; 2:22–24; 3:8, 23; 4:9f, 14f; 5:5, 9–13, 20; 2J 3, 9.—B 5:9, 11; 7:2, 9; 12:8; 15:5; Dg 7:4; 9:2, 4; 10:2 (τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ τὸν μονογενῆ; also ApcEsdr 6:16 p. 31, 22 Tdf.; ApcSed 9:1f); IMg 8:2; ISm 1:1; MPol 17:3; Hv 2, 2, 8; Hs 5, 2, 6 (ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀγαπητός); 8; 11; 5, 4, 1; 5, 5, 2; 3; 5; 5, 6, 1; 2; 4; 7 (on the Christology of the Shepherd s. Dibelius, Hdb. on Hs 5, also ALink and JvWalter [πνεῦμα 5cα]); Hs 8, 3, 2; 8, 11, 1. Cp. 9, 1, 1; 9, 12, 1ff.—In trinitarian formulas, in addition to Mt 28:19, also IMg 13:1; EpilMosq 5; D 7:1, 3.—The deceiver of the world appears w. signs and wonders ὡς υἱὸς θεοῦ D 16:4 (ApcEsdr 4:27 p. 28, 32 Tdf. ὁ λέγων• Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ [of Antichrist]).—EKühl, Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu 1907, 16–44; GVos, The Self-disclosure of Jesus 1926.—EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 404–17; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 211–36; MHengel, The Son of God (tr. JBowden) ’76; DJones, The Title υἱὸς θεοῦ in Acts: SBLSP 24, ’85, 451–63.

γ. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου lit. ‘the son of the man’ (the pl. form οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων appears freq. in the LXX to render בְּנֵי אָדָם = mortals, e.g. Gen 11:5; Ps 10:4; 11:2; cp. ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπολείας J 17:12 [s. 2cβ]) ‘the human being, the human one, the man’ in our lit. only as a byname in ref. to Jesus and in an exclusive sense the Human One, the Human Being, one intimately linked with humanity in its primary aspect of fragility yet transcending it, traditionally rendered ‘the Son of Man.’ The term is found predom. in the gospels, where it occurs in the synoptics about 70 times (about half as oft. if parallels are excluded), and in J 12 times (s. EKlostermann, Hdb. exc. on Mk 8:31). In every case the title is applied by Jesus to himself. Nowhere within a saying or narrative about him is it found in an address to him: Mt 8:20; 9:6; 10:23; 11:19; 12:8, 32, 40; 13:37, 41; 16:13, 27f; 17:9, 12, 22; 18:10 [11] v.l.; 19:28; 20:18, 28; 24:27, 30, 37, 39, 44; 25:13 v.l., 31; 26:2, 24ab, 45, 64; Mk 2:10, 28; 8:31, 38; 9:9, 12, 31; 10:33, 45; 13:26; 14:21ab, 41, 62; Lk 5:24; 6:5, 22; 7:34; 9:22, 26, 44, 56 v.l., 58; 11:30; 12:8, 10, 40; 17:22, 24, 26, 30; 18:8, 31; 19:10; 21:27, 36; 22:22, 48, 69; 24:7.—John (FGrosheide, Υἱὸς τ. ἀνθρ. in het Evang. naar Joh.: TSt 35, 1917, 242–48; HDieckmann, D. Sohn des Menschen im J: Scholastik 2, 1927, 229–47; HWindisch, ZNW 30, ’31, 215–33; 31, ’32, 199–204; WMichaelis, TLZ 85, ’60, 561–78 [Jesus’ earthly presence]) 1:51; 3:13, 14; 5:27 (BVawter, Ezekiel and John, CBQ 26, ’64, 450–58); 6:27, 53, 62; 8:28; 9:35; 12:23, 34; 13:31. Whether the component of fragility (suggested by OT usage in ref. to the brief span of human life and the ills to which it falls heir) or high status (suggested by traditions that appear dependent on Da 7:13, which refers to one ‘like a human being’), or a blend of the two dominates a specific occurrence can be determined only by careful exegesis that in addition to extra-biblical traditions takes account of the total literary structure of the document in which it occurs. Much neglected in the discussion is the probability of prophetic association suggested by the form of address Ezk 2:1 al. (like the OT prophet [Ezk 3:4–11] Jesus encounters resistance).—On Israelite thought contemporary w. Jesus and alleged knowledge of a heavenly being looked upon as a ‘Son of Man’ or ‘Man’, who exercises Messianic functions such as judging the world (metaph., pictorial passages in En 46–48; 4 Esdr 13:3, 51f) s. Bousset, Rel.³ 352–55; NMessel, D. Menschensohn in d. Bilderreden d. Hen. 1922; ESjöberg, Kenna 1 Henok och 4 Esra tanken på den lidande Människosonen? Sv. Ex. Årsb. 5, ’40, 163–83, D. Menschensohn im äth. Hen. ’46. This view is in some way connected w. Da 7:13; acc. to some it derives its real content fr. an eschatological tradition that ultimately goes back to Iran (WBousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis 1907, 160–223; Reitzenstein, Erlösungsmyst. 119ff, ZNW 20, 1921, 18–22, Mysterienrel.³ 418ff; Clemen² 72ff; CKraeling, Anthropos and Son of Man: A Study in the Religious Syncretism of the Hellenistic Orient 1927); acc. to this tradition the First Man was deified; he will return in the last times and usher in the Kingdom of God.—Outside the gospels: Ac 7:56 (v.l. τοῦ θεοῦ; GKilpatrick, TZ 21, ’65, 209); Rv 1:13; 14:14 (both after Da 7:13; sim. allusion to Da in Just., D. 31, 1). The quot. fr. Ps 8:5 in Hb 2:6 prob. does not belong here, since there is no emphasis laid on υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου. In IEph 20:2 Jesus is described as υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου καὶ υἱὸς θεοῦ. Differently B 12:10 Ἰησοῦς, οὐχὶ υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου ἀλλὰ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Jesus, not a man’s son, but Son of God.—HLietzmann, Der Menschensohn 1896; Dalman, Worte 191–219 (Eng. tr., 234–67); Wlh., Einl.² 123–30; PFiebig, Der Menschensohn 1901; NSchmidt, The Prophet of Nazareth 1905, 94–134, Recent Study of the Term ‘Son of Man’: JBL 45, 1926, 326–49; FTillmann, Der Menschensohn 1907; EKühl, Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu 1907, 65ff; HHoltzmann, Das messianische Bewusstsein Jesu, 1907, 49–75 (lit.), Ntl. Theologie² I 1911, 313–35; FBard, D. Sohn d. Menschen 1908; HGottsched, D. Menschensohn 1908; EAbbott, ‘The Son of Man’, etc., 1910; EHertlein, Die Menschensohnfrage im letzten Stadium 1911, ZNW 19, 1920, 46–48; JMoffatt, The Theology of the Gospels 1912, 150–63; WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 5–22 (the titles of the works by Wernle and Althaus opposing his first edition [1913], as well as Bousset’s answer, are found s.v. κύριος, end); DVölter, Jesus der Menschensohn 1914, Die Menschensohnfrage neu untersucht 1916; FSchulthess, ZNW 21, 1922, 247–50; Rtzst., Herr der Grösse 1919 (see also the works by the same author referred to above in this entry); EMeyer II 335ff; HGressmann, ZKG n.s. 4, 1922, 170ff, D. Messias 1929, 341ff; GDupont, Le Fils d’Homme 1924; APeake, The Messiah and the Son of Man 1924; MWagner, Der Menschensohn: NKZ 36, 1925, 245–78; Guillaume Baldensperger, Le Fils d’Homme: RHPR 5, 1925, 262–73; WBleibtreu, Jesu Selbstbez. als der Menschensohn: StKr 98/99, 1926, 164–211; AvGall, Βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ 1926; OProcksch, D. Menschensohn als Gottessohn: Christentum u. Wissensch. 3, 1927, 425–43; 473–81; CMontefiore, The Synoptic Gospels² 1927 I 64–80; ROtto, Reich Gottes u. Menschensohn ’34, Eng. tr. The Kgdm. of God and the Son of Man, tr. Filson and Woolf² ’43; EWechssler, Hellas im Ev. ’36, 332ff; PParker, The Mng. of ‘Son of Man’: JBL 60, ’41, 151–57; HSharman, Son of Man and Kingdom of God ’43; JCampbell, The Origin and Mng. of the Term Son of Man: JTS 48, ’47, 145–55; HRiesenfeld, Jésus Transfiguré ’47, 307–13 (survey and lit.); TManson, ConNeot 11, ’47, 138–46 (Son of Man=Jesus and his disciples in Mk 2:27f); GDuncan, Jesus, Son of Man ’47, 135–53 (survey); JBowman, ET 59, ’47/48, 283–88 (background); MBlack, ET 60, ’48f, 11–15; 32–36; GKnight, Fr. Moses to Paul ’49, 163–72 (survey); TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 237–50; TManson (Da, En and gospels), BJRL 32, ’50, 171–93; TPreiss, Le Fils d’Homme: ÉThR 26/3, ’51, Life in Christ, ’54, 43–60; SMowinckel, He That Cometh, tr. Anderson, ’54, 346–450; GIber, Überlieferungsgesch. Unters. z. Begriff des Menschensohnes im NT, diss. Heidelb. ’53; ESjöberg, D. verborgene Menschensohn in den Ev. ’55; WGrundmann, ZNW 47, ’56, 113–33; HRiesenfeld, The Mythological Backgrd. of NT Christology, CHDodd Festschr. ’56, 81–95; PhVielhauer, Gottesreich u. Menschensohn in d. Verk. Jesu, GDehn Festschr. ’57, 51–79; ESidebottom, The Son of Man in J, ET 68, ’57, 231–35; 280–83; AHiggins, Son of Man- Forschung since (Manson’s) ‘The Teaching of Jesus’: NT Essays (TW Manson memorial vol.) ’59, 119–35; HTödt, D. Menschensohn in d. synopt. Überl. ’59 (tr. Barton ’65); JMuilenburg, JBL 79, ’60, 197–209 (Da, En); ESchweizer, JBL 79, ’60, 119–29 and NTS 9, ’63, 256–61; BvIersel, ‘Der Sohn’ in den synopt. Jesusworten, ’61 (community?); MBlack, BJRL 45, ’63, 305–18; FBorsch, ATR 45, ’63, 174–90; AHiggins, Jesus and the Son of Man, ’64; RFormesyn, NovT 8, ’66, 1–35 (barnasha=‘I’); SSandmel, HSilver Festschr. ’63, 355–67; JJeremias, Die älteste Schicht der Menschensohn-Logien, ZNW 58, ’67, 159–72; GVermes, MBlack, Aram. Approach³, ’67, 310–30; BLindars, The New Look on the Son of Man: BJRL 63, ’81, 437–62; WWalker, The Son of Man, Some Recent Developments CBQ 45, ’83, 584–607; JDonahue, Recent Studies on the Origin of ‘Son of Man’ in the Gospels, CBQ 48, ’86, 584–607; DBurkitt, The Nontitular Son of Man, A History and Critique: NTS 40, ’94 504–21 (lit.); JEllington, BT 40, ’89, 201–8; RGordon, Anthropos: 108–13.—B. 105; DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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The son of a Congregationalist minister, Hall was educated at Oberlin College. There he was instructed in chemistry by Professor F.F.Jewett, a former student of the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler, who encouraged Hall to believe that there was a need for a cheap process for the manufacture of aluminium. After graduating in 1885, Hall set to work in his private laboratory exploring the method of fused salt electrolysis. On Wednesday 10 February 1886 he found that alumina dissolved in fused cryolite "like sugar in water", and that the bath so produced was a good conductor of electricity. He contained the solution in a pure graphite crucible which also acted as an efficient cathode, and by 16 February 1886 had produced the first globules of metallic aluminium. With two backers, Hall was able to complete his experiments and establish a small pilot plant in Boston, but they withdrew after the US Patent Examiners reported that Hall's invention had been anticipated by a French patent, filed by Paul Toussaint Héroult in April 1886. Although Hall had not filed until July 1886, he was permitted to testify that his invention had been completed by 16 February 1886 and on 2 April 1889 he was granted a seventeen-year monopoly in the United States. Hall now had the support of Captain A.E. Hunt of the Pittsburgh Testing Institute who provided the capital for establishing the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, which by 1889 was selling aluminium at $1 per pound compared to the $15 for sodium-reduced aluminium. Further capital was provided by the banker Andrew Mellon (1855–1937). Hall then turned his attention to Britain and began negotiations with Johnson Matthey, who provided land on a site at Patricroft near Manchester. Here the Aluminium Syndicate, owned by the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, began to produce aluminium in July 1890. By this time the validity of Hall's patent was being strongly contested by Héroult and also by the Cowles brothers, who attempted to operate the Hall process in the United States. Hall successfully sued them for infringement, and was confirmed in his patent rights by the celebrated ruling in 1893 of William Howard Taft, subsequently President of the USA. In 1895 Hall's company changed its name to the Pittsburgh Aluminium Company and moved to Niagara Falls, where cheap electrical power was available. In 1903 a legal compromise ended the litigation between the Hall and Héroult organizations. The American rights in the invention were awarded to Hall, and the European to Héroult. The Pittsburgh Aluminium Company became the Aluminium Company of America on 1 January 1907. On his death he left his estate, worth about $45 million, for the advancement of education.

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